[Gene_Sharp]_There_Are_Realistic_Alternatives(BookFi.org)

[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

the overall struggle.
Grievance group: The general population group whose grievances
are issues in the conflict, and are being championed by the nonvio-
lent resisters.
Human resources: A term that is used here to indicate the number
of persons and groups who obey "the ruler" (meaning the ruling
group in command of the state), cooperate with, or assist the ruling
group in implementing their will. This includes the proportion of
such persons and groups in the general population, and the extent,
forms, and independence of their organizations.
A ruler s power is affected by the availability of these human
resources, which constitute one of the sources of political power.
Material resources: This is another source of political power. The
term refers to property, natural resources, financial resources, the
economic system, means of communication, and modes of trans-
portation. The degree to which the ruler controls, or does not con-
trol, these helps to determine the extent or limits of the ruler s power.
Mechanisms of change: The processes by which change is achieved
in successful cases of nonviolent struggle. The four mechanisms are
conversion, accommodation, nonviolent coercion, and disintegra-
tion.
Methods: The specific means of action within the technique of non-
violent action. Nearly two hundred specific methods have thus far
34 Gene Sharp
been identified. They are classed under three main classes: nonvio-
lent protest and persuasion, noncooperation (social, economic, and
political), and nonviolent intervention.
Noncooperation: A large class of methods of nonviolent action that
involve deliberate restriction, discontinuance, or withholding of so-
cial, economic, or political cooperation (or a combination of these)
with a disapproved person, activity, institution, or regime.
The methods of noncooperation are classified in the subcatego-
ries of social noncooperation, economic noncooperation (economic
boycotts and labor strikes), and political noncooperation.
Nonviolence (religious or ethical): Beliefs and behavior of several
types in which violent acts are prohibited on religious or ethical
grounds. In some belief systems, not only physical violence is barred
but also hostile thoughts and words. Certain belief systems addi-
tionally enjoin positive attitudes and behavior toward opponents,
or even a rejection of the concept of opponents.
Such believers often may participate in nonviolent struggles
with people practicing nonviolent struggle for pragmatic reasons,
or may choose not to do so.
Nonviolent action: A general technique of conducting protest, re-
sistance, and intervention without physical violence.
Such action may be conducted by (a) acts of omission that is,
the participants refuse to perform acts that they usually perform,
are expected by custom to perform, or are required by law or regu-
lation to perform; or (b) acts of commission that is, the participants
perform acts that they usually do not perform, are not expected by
custom to perform, or are forbidden by law or regulation from per-
forming; or (c) a combination of both.
The technique includes a multitude of specific methods that
are grouped into three main classes: nonviolent protest and persua-
sion, noncooperation, and nonviolent intervention.
There are Realistic Alternatives 35
Nonviolent coercion: A mechanism of change in nonviolent action
in which demands are achieved against the will of the opponents
because effective control of the situation has been taken away from
them by widespread noncooperation and defiance. However, the
opponents still remain in their official positions and the system has
not yet disintegrated.
Nonviolent insurrection: A popular political uprising against an
established regime regarded as oppressive by use of massive non-
cooperation and defiance.
Nonviolent intervention: A large class of methods of nonviolent
action that in a conflict situation directly interfere by nonviolent
means with the opponents activities and operation of their system.
These methods are distinguished from both symbolic protests and
noncooperation. The disruptive intervention is most often physical
(as in a sit-in) but may be psychological, social, economic, or politi-
cal.
Nonviolent protest and persuasion: A large class of methods of non-
violent action that are symbolic acts expressing opposition opinions
or attempting persuasion (as vigils, marches or picketing). These
acts extend beyond verbal expressions of opinion but stop short of
noncooperation (as a strike) and nonviolent intervention (as a sit-
in).
Nonviolent struggle: The waging of determined conflict by strong
forms of nonviolent action, especially against determined and re-
sourceful opponents who may respond with repression.
Nonviolent weapons: The specific methods of nonviolent action.
Pillars of support: The institutions and sections of the society that
supply the existing regime with the needed sources of power to main-
tain and expand its power capacity.
36 Gene Sharp [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

Pokrewne