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cell.
Saponification
Hydrolysis of esters in the presence of strong soluable bases.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. They are also called alkanes or
paraffin hydrocarbons.
Saturated Solution
Solution in which no more solute will dissolve.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The universe tends toward a state of greater diorder in spontaneous processes.
Secondary Standard
a solution that has been titrated against a primary standard. A standard solution is
a secondary standard.
Secondary Voltaic Cells
Voltaic cells that can be recharged; original reactanats can be regenerated be
reversing the direction of the current flow.
Semiconductor
A substance that does not conduct electricity at low temperatures but does so at
higher temperatures.
Semipermable Membrane
A thin partition between two solutions through which certain molecules can pass
but others cannot.
Shielding Effect
Electrons in filled sets of s , p orbitals between the nucleus and outer shell
electrons shield the outer shell electrons somewhat from the effect of protons in
the nucleus; also called screening effect.
Sigma Bonds
Bonds resulting from the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals, in which the region
of electron sharing is along and (cylindrically) symmetrical to the imaginary line
connecting the bonded atoms.
Sigma Orbital
Molecular orbital resulting from head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals.
Silicones
Polymeric organosilicon compounds; contain individual or cross-linked Si-O
chains or rings in which some oxygens of SiO4 tetrahedra are replaced by other
groups.
Single Bond
Covalent bond resulting from the sharing of two electrons (one pair) between two
atoms.
Solubility Product Constant
Equilibrium constant that applies to the dissolution of a slightly soluble
compound.
Solubility Product Principle
The solubility product constant expression for a slightly soluble compound is the
product of the concentrations of the constituent ions, each raised to the power that
corresponds to the number of ions in one formula unit.
Solute
The dispersed (dissolved) phase of a solution.
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solvation
The process by which solvent molecules surround and interact with solute ions or
molecules.
Solvent
The dispersing medium of a solution.
Solvolysis
The reaction of a substance with the solvent in which it is dissolved.
S Orbital
A spherically symmetrical atomic orbital; one per energy level.
Specific Gravity
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water.
Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance
one degree Celsius.
Specific Rate Constant
An experimentally determined (proportionality) constant, which is different for
different reactions and which changes only with temperature; k in the rate-law
expression: Rate = k [A] x [B]v.
Spectator Ions
Ions in a solution that do not participate in a chemical reaction.
Spectral Line
Any of a number of lines corresponding to definite wavelengths of an atomic
emission or absorption spectrum; represents the energy difference between two
energy levels.
Spectrochemical Series
Arrangement of ligands in order of increasing ligand field strength.
Spectrum
Display of component wavelengths (colours) of electromagnetic radiation.
Square Planar
A term used to describe molecules and polyatomic ions that have one atom in the
center and four atoms at the corners of a square.
Square Planar Complex
Complex in which the metal is in the center of a square plane, with ligand donor
atoms at each of the four corners
Standard Electrodes
Half-cells in which the oxidized and reduced forms of a species are present at unit
activity; 1.0M solutions of dissolved ions, 1.0atm partial pressure of gases, and
pure solids and liquids.
Standard Electrode Potential
By convention , potential, Eo, of a half-reaction as a reduction relative to the
standard hydrogen electrode when all species are present at unit activity.
Standard Entropy
The absolute entropy of a substance in its standard state at 298 K.
Standard Molar Enthalphy of Formation
The amount of heat absorbed in the formation of one mole of a substance in a
specified state from its elements in their standard states.
Standard Molar Volume
The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas under standard conditions;
22.4liters.
Standard Reaction
A reaction in which the numbers of moles of reactants shown in the balanced
equation, all in their standard states, are completely converted to the numbers of
moles of products shown in the balanced equation, also sall at their standard state.
Stereoisomers
Isomers that differ only in the way that atoms are oriented in space; consist of
geometrical and optical isomers.
Stoichiometry
Description of the quantitative relationships among elements and compounds as
they undergo chemical changes.
Strong Electrolyte
A substance that conducts electricity well in a dilute aqueous solution.
Strong Field Ligand
Ligand that exerts a strong crystal or ligand electrical field and generally forms
low spin complexes with metal ions when possible. [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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